BASIC STRUCTURE OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Computer Function
A computer performs action and
accomplishes its task in three basic stages namely:-
INPUT – Input is the data
that is fed into the computer by the user.
PROCESS – Processing refers
to the series of action by which the computer converts raw data into
information.
OUTPUT – Output is the
result which is termed as information.
Input Unit
Data and
instructions enter a computer through an input unit in a form that depends upon
the input device used. Ex- Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, Scanner etc.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (C.P.U)
CPU is also known as the brain of
the “Brain of Computer”. As it appears as a hardware component, but it is also
a functional component of a computer system.
Functional Elements of a
CPU
1. Arithmetic
Logic Unit(ALU)
2. Control
Unit(C.U)
3. Memory
Unit(M.U)
Arithmetic
Logic Unit : - ALU performs mathematical
calculations(addition, subtraction, division, multiplication) and does logical comparisons(Greater
than(>), Less than(<), Equal to(=), Not Equal to(!=) ).Logical Operation
differentiate between ‘TRUE’ and ‘FALSE’.
Control Unit:
- Control Unit co-ordinates and directs the operation of the hardware
devices. It also co-ordinates the flow and execution of the data and
instructions, that are fed into the computer’s memory.
Memory Unit:
- Memory unit or main storage stores the data, instruction, intermediate
results and final results that are ready for the output. All instruction or
data are stored in the memory unit before being used by the ALU or the CU.
·
The main storage is divided into a number of
storage locations that can be accessed by a unique number or address, known as Memory
Address.
·
Within the CPU there are high speed, special
purpose memory units called Registers.
Output Unit
An output unit performs the
reverse operation of that of an input unit. It supplies information obtained
from data processing to outside world. It links a computer with its external
environment. Ex- Monitor, Printer, Projector, Speaker etc.
Storage Unit
Storage unit of a computer system
provides space for storing data and instruction, intermediate results, and
results for output.
There are two types of
storage:-
Primary storage: - Primary storage of a computer system, also
known as main memory, stores pieces of program instructions and data,
intermediate results of processing, and recently produced results of those job(s)
on which the computer system is currently working. Primary storage is volatile,
and it loses the information it as soon as the computer system switches off or
resets.
Secondary storage: -
Secondary storage of a computer system, also known as auxiliary storage, takes
care of the limitations of primary storage. It can retain information even when
the computer system switches off or resets. A computer system uses secondary
storage to store program instructions, data and information of those jobs on
which the computer system is currently not working but needs to hold them for
processing later.
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